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Importance of CCPA Compliance Highlighted by First Round of Private Actions

The first wave of California Consumer Privacy Act litigation has begun to roll in, and the complaints are already raising interesting questions about the scope of CCPA’s private right of action. The actions assert a variety of claims under numerous theories and present a broad range of potential risks to businesses subject to CCPA. In light of the many questions that surround CCPA’s private right of action, the extent of possible liability from private litigation is still largely unknown and potentially significant.

The first wave of private lawsuits filed under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) has begun to roll in, and the complaints are already raising interesting questions about the scope of CCPA’s private right of action. The recent explosion in popularity of video conferencing and social media software in response to the COVID-19 pandemic—and the technical issues some of these products have experienced—has inspired its own wave of litigation, with several cases alleging violations of CCPA along with other laws. The flurry of litigation activity makes clear the importance of CCPA compliance, particularly in the current challenging business environment. Although it’s too early to tell how these lawsuits will play out, some themes are emerging.

Refresher on CCPA Private Right of Action

Businesses are now familiar with the long list of privacy obligations imposed by CCPA and enforceable by the California attorney general. Although CCPA contains a private right of action, that right is applicable only to CCPA’s sole data security provision. Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.150 authorizes consumers to institute a civil action against a business whose failure to implement and maintain reasonable security procedures resulted in the unauthorized access and exfiltration, theft or disclosure of the consumer’s nonencrypted and nonredacted personal information. The definition of “personal information” in the context of § 1798.150 is narrower than the expansive definition applicable to other CCPA provisions, applying only to an individual’s name together with an identifying data element, such as a Social Security number, driver’s license number or medical information. A plaintiff may seek injunctive or declaratory relief, actual damages or statutory damages in an amount not less than $100 and not greater than $750 per consumer, per incident. Before seeking statutory damages, however, the consumer must provide the business 30 days’ written notice to cure the alleged violation. The “notice and cure” provision is the subject of some controversy, because CCPA does not explain how a violation that resulted in a data breach can be “cured.” CCPA also explicitly prohibits consumers from using alleged violation of its provisions “to serve as the basis for a private right of action under any other law,” thus, in theory, prohibiting a plaintiff from alleging that a CCPA violation constitutes a violation of the California Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200, et seq. or other statutes. That hasn’t stopped plaintiffs from trying, as described below.

Theme #1: Suits Brought as Class Actions

Most, if not all, of the lawsuits brought under CCPA thus far have been brought as [...]

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In with the New, Part III: 2014 Privacy, Advertising and Digital Media Predictions

Boston-based litigation partner Matt Turnell shares his predictions about class action litigation under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) and Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) in 2014 and Boston-based white-collar criminal defense and government investigations partner David Gacioch shares his predictions about government responses to data breaches.

Class Action Litigation Predictions

2014 is already shaping up to be an explosive year for privacy- and data-security-related class actions.  Last December’s data breach at Target has already led to more than 70 putative class actions being filed against the retailer.  With recently disclosed data breaches at Neiman Marcus and Michaels Stores—and possibly more to come at other major retailers—court dockets will be flooded with these suits this year.  And consumers are not the only ones filing class actions; banks that have incurred extra costs as a result of the data breaches are headed to court as well, with at least two putative class actions on behalf of banks filed so far against Target.

That volume of litigation related to the Target data breaches likely will be matched by a steady stream of class actions filed under the TCPA.  2013 was a busy year for the TCPA docket and I expect that the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) stricter rules requiring express prior written consent from the called party, which took effect in October 2013, means that 2014 will be just as busy since the majority of TCPA class actions seek statutory damages for companies’ failure to obtain consent before making autodialed or prerecorded voice calls or sending unsolicited text messages or faxes. 

In 2014, I expect to see key decisions under the ECPA related to social media platforms and email providers capturing and using content from customers’ emails and other messages for targeted advertising or other purposes.  One district court has already denied a motion to dismiss an ECPA claim challenging this conduct and I predict that other decisions are forthcoming this year.  Needless to say, decisions in favor of class-action plaintiffs in this area could have major implications for how social media sites and email providers do business.

Matt Turnell, Partner

Government Responses to Data Breaches

As significant data breaches continue to dominate the news, public awareness of data privacy and security issues will increase, as will their political appeal.  I expect to see in 2014:

  • Record numbers of breach reports to state and federal regulators, as awareness of reporting obligations spreads further and further across data owner, licensee, broker and transmitter groups;
  • More states committing more enforcement resources to data privacy and security, including budget dollars and dedicated attorney general’s office units;
  • More state/federal and multi-state coordination of investigations, leading to increased settlement leverage by enforcement authorities vis-à-vis firms under investigation; and
  • Greater numbers and dollar values of settlements by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and state attorneys general than ever before.

Similarly, with the HIPAA Omnibus Final Rule going into effect on September 23, 2013, coupled with the late-2013 Department of Health and Human Services [...]

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